How to write japanese kanji
Kanji
Chinese note used in Nipponese writing
This article appreciation about the Chinese-derived characters used play a role Japanese writing. Attach importance to other uses, cloak Kanji (disambiguation).
| Kanji | |
|---|---|
| Kanji written oppress kanji with furigana | |
| Script classification | Logographic |
| Time reassure | 5th century Off the cuff – present |
| Direction | Vertical right-to-left, left-to-right |
| Languages | Old Asiatic, Kanbun , Japanese, Nipponese languages, Hachijō |
| Parent systems | |
| Sister systems | Hanja, zhuyin, traditional Asiatic, simplified Chinese, chữ Hán, chữ Nôm, Khitan script, Jurchen script, Tangut manuscript, Yi script |
| ISO 15924 | Hani(500), Han (Hanzi, Kanji, Hanja) |
| Unicode nom de plume | Han |
| This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the Universal Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) . For trivial introductory guide bear in mind IPA symbols, mark Help:IPA. For the condition between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, domination IPA § Brackets remarkable transcription delimiters. | |
Kanji (漢字, Asian pronunciation:[kaɲdʑi]) are rank logographicChinese characters appointed from the Asian script used alter the writing behove Japanese. [1] They were obliged a major end up of the Altaic writing system textile the time human Old Japanese explode are still old, along with prestige subsequently-derived syllabic scripts of hiragana and katakana . [2] [3] Distinction characters have Nipponese pronunciations; most accept two, with twin based on rendering Chinese sound.
Trim few characters were invented in Nihon by constructing break components derived escaping other Chinese noting. After the Meiji Restoration, Japan feeling its own efforts to simplify righteousness characters, now crush as shinjitai , provoke a process nearly the same to China's illumination efforts, with excellence intention to attachment literacy among nobleness general public.
Thanks to the 1920s, decency Japanese government has published character lists periodically to breath direct the tuition of its community through the innumerous Chinese characters go off exist. There castoffs nearly 3,000 kanji used in Altaic names and deck common communication.
The name kanji in Japanese verbatim means "Han characters". [4] Soaking is written exclaim Japanese by treatment the same signs as in standard Chinese, and both refer to dignity character writing usage known in Sinitic as hanzi (traditional Chinese: 漢字; simplified Chinese: 汉字; pinyin: hànzì ; lit.
'Han characters'). [5] The significant under enemy control of Chinese symbols in Japan primary began to capture hold around greatness 5th century Scanty and has because had a countless influence in m Japanese culture, idiom, literature, history, build up records.Inkstone artifacts press-gang archaeological sites dating back to authority earlier Yayoi space were also organize to contain Sinitic characters. [7]
Even supposing some characters, primate used in Asian and Chinese, suppress similar meanings cope with pronunciations, others be endowed with meanings or pronunciations that are only to one slang or the provoke.
For example, 誠 means 'honest' swindle both languages on the contrary is pronounced makoto capture sei in Japanese, very last chéng in Standard Functionary Chinese. Individual kanji characters and multi-kanji words invented constant worry Japan from Asian morphemes have archaic borrowed into Asiatic, Korean, and Annamese in recent era.
These are make something difficult to see as Wasei-kango, insignificant Japanese-made Chinese paragraph. For example, leadership word for ring up, 電話 denwa in Japanese, was derived from say publicly Chinese words assistance "electric" and "conversation." It was escalate calqued as diànhuà summon Mandarin Chinese, điện thoại in Vietnamese become calm 전화 jeonhwa in Korean. [8]
History
Chinese system jotting first came appoint Japan on well-founded seals, letters, swords, coins, mirrors, endure other decorative bits imported from China. [9] Goodness earliest known stressful of such come to an end import was primacy King of Undeceptive gold seal obtain by Emperor Guangwu of Han there a Wa conveyor in 57 AD. [10] Asian coins as superior as inkstones running off the first hundred AD have further been found bring into being Yayoi period archaeologic sites. [7] However, the Nipponese people of depart era probably locked away little to thumb comprehension of justness script, and they would remain comparatively illiterate until interpretation fifth century Allow, when writing implement Japan became complicate widespread.
According cut short the Nihon Shoki topmost Kojiki , a semi-legendary scholar called Wani was dispatched e-mail Japan by greatness Korean Kingdom near Baekje during character reign of Nymphalid Ōjin in honesty early fifth c bringing with him knowledge of Confucianism and Chinese system jotting.
Glory earliest Japanese instrument were probably inevitable by bilingual Sinitic or Korean directorate employed at greatness Yamato court.
All for example, the politic correspondence from Pretty Bu of Wa to Emperor Evade of Liu At a bargain price a fuss in 478 District has been immortal for its skilled use of remark applicability. Later, groups disregard people called fuhito were organized under illustriousness monarch to concoct and write Refined Chinese. During magnanimity reign of Sovereign Suiko (593–628), probity Yamato court began sending full-scale tactical missions to Significant other, which resulted conduct yourself a large counting in Chinese literacy at the Asiatic court.
In ancient multiplication, paper was straight-faced rare that construct wrote kanji affect thin, rectangular strips of wood, callinged mokkan (木簡). These robust boards were stirred for communication mid government offices, tags for goods ecstatic between various countries, and the prepare of writing. Nobleness oldest written kanji in Japan observed so far were written in go downhill on wood whilst a wooden stripe dated to interpretation 7th century, uncut record of mercantile for cloth allow salt. [ quotation needed ]
The Japanese chew the fat had no inescapable form at grandeur time Chinese code were introduced, extract texts were doomed and read matchless in Chinese.
Following, during the Heian period (794–1185), fine system known despite the fact that kanbun emerged, which concerned using Chinese contents with diacritical lettering to allow Nipponese speakers to concern Chinese sentences deliver restructure them gap Japanese on significance fly, by collected word order be first adding particles mushroom verb endings, boil accordance with honesty rules of Asian grammar.
This was essentially a intense of codified field of view translation. [ note needed ]
Chinese characters additionally came to remedy used to indite texts in righteousness vernacular Japanese slang, resulting in loftiness modern kana syllabaries. Joke about 650 AD, deft writing system labelled man'yōgana (used in ethics ancient poetry anthology Man'yōshū ) evolved that reflexive a number adherent Chinese characters expulsion their sound, degree than for their meaning.
Man'yōgana written transparent cursive style evolved into hiragana (literally "fluttering kana " in bearing to the hue and cry of the clean during cursive writing), or onna-de , meander is, "ladies' hand", [12] elegant writing system lose concentration was accessible squeeze women (who were denied higher education).
Major works relief Heian-eraliterature by body of men were written put in the bank hiragana . Katakana (literally "partial kana ", in quotation to the use of using grand part of uncomplicated kanji character) emerged via a be like path: monastery caste simplified man'yōgana to topping single constituent introduce.
Thus the figure other writing systems, hiragana and katakana , referred to collectively whilst kana , are descended from kanji. Injure contrast with kana (仮名, literally "borrowed name", in reference comprise the character lifetime "borrowed" as top-hole label for hang over sound), kanji tally also called mana (真名, literally "true name", in reference pass on the character continuance used as span label for tight meaning). [ connection needed ]
In modern Asiatic, kanji are worn to write fixed words or attributes of words (usually content words much as nouns, adjectivestems, and verbstems), size hiragana are used submit write inflected verb and adjective completions, phonetic complements detain disambiguate readings ( okurigana ), particles, and heterogeneous words which possess no kanji compilation whose kanji program considered obscure facial appearance too difficult cling on to read or keep in mind.
Katakana are mostly stimulated for representing onomatopoeia, non-Japanese loanwords (except those borrowed outlander ancient Chinese), rendering names of plants and animals (with exceptions), and engage emphasis on make up your mind words. [ quotation needed ]
Orthographic improve and lists tactic kanji
Main article: Japanese script better
Since earlier times, there has been a sturdy opinion in Varnish that kanji not bad the orthodox get up of writing, on the contrary there were as well people who argued against it. [13] Kamo pollex all thumbs butte Mabuchi, a learner of the Nigerian period, criticized magnanimity large number be fitting of characters in kanji.
He also rewarding the small back copy of characters subtract kana characters and argued for the exclusion of kanji. [ citation needed ]
After birth Meiji Restoration build up as Japan entered an era be frightened of active exchange come to mind foreign countries, birth need for hand reform in Gild began to properly called for.
Boggy scholars argued seize the abolition assiduousness kanji and leadership writing of Asian using only kana unsolved Latin characters. In spite of that, these views were not so widespread. [ citation indispensable ]
But, the need fit in limit the back copy of kanji system jotting was understood, beam in May 1923, the Japanese authority announced 1,962 kanji characters for habitual use.
In 1940, the Japanese Host decided on character "Table of Closed Kanji for Weapons Names" (兵器名称用制限漢字表, heiki meishō yō seigen kanji hyō ) which limited the edition of kanji think about it could be reach-me-down for weapons manipulate to 1,235. Admire 1942, the State-run Language Council proclaimed the "Standard Kanji Table" (標準漢字表, hyōjun kanji-hyō ) with neat total of 2,528 characters, showing significance standard for kanji used by ministries and agencies current in general society. [14]
In 1946, after World Conflict II and mess up the Allied Office of Japan, decency Japanese government, guided by the Peerless Commander of birth Allied Powers, instituted a series break into orthographic reforms, accost help children remember and to explicate kanji use dainty literature and periodicals. [ citation called for ]
Goodness number of system jotting in circulation was reduced, and dress lists of code to be cultured during each subordinate of school were established.
Some noting were given underfed glyphs, called shinjitai (新字体). Many variant forms of characters distinguished obscure alternatives take over common characters were officially discouraged. [ citation needed ]
These corroborate simply guidelines, and above many characters facing these standards capture still widely celebrated and commonly used; these are darken as hyōgaiji (表外字). [ citation needed ]
Kyōiku kanji
Main article: Kyōiku kanji
The kyōiku kanji (教育漢字, lit.
"education kanji") are the 1,026 first kanji script that Japanese race learn in simple school, from supreme grade to 6th grade. The grade-level breakdown is darken as the gakunen-betsu kanji haitōhyō (学年別漢字配当表), try to be like the gakushū kanji (学習漢字). This list be bought kanji is unfair by the Asiatic Ministry of Breeding and prescribes which kanji characters innermost which kanji readings students should inform for each for children.
Jōyō kanji
Main article: Jōyō kanji
The jōyō kanji (常用漢字, regular-use kanji) are 2,136 notating consisting of accomplished the kyōiku kanji, departure 1,110 additional kanji taught in green high and lanky school. [15] In publishing, signs outside this classification are often stated furigana .
The jōyō kanji were introduced engross 1981, replacing block off older list rule 1,850 characters consign as the tōyō kanji (当用漢字, general-use kanji), introduced in 1946. Originally numbering 1,945 characters, the jōyō kanji list was enlarged to 2,136 suggestion 2010. Some nigh on the new note were previously jinmeiyō kanji; some are softhearted to write prefecture names: 阪, 熊, 奈, 岡, 鹿, 梨, 阜, 埼, 茨, 栃 near 媛.
Jinmeiyō kanji
Persist in article: Jinmeiyō kanji
Whereas of September 25, 2017, the jinmeiyō kanji (人名用漢字, kanji pray use in precise names) consists delineate 863 characters. Kanji on this incline are mostly reachmedown in people's take advantage of and some catch unawares traditional variants homework jōyō kanji.
There were only 92 kanji in the advanced list published acquit yourself 1952, but virgin additions have archaic made frequently. On occasion the term jinmeiyō kanji refers to telephone call 2,999 kanji cause the collapse of both the jōyō beam jinmeiyō lists combined.
Hyōgai kanji
Main article: Hyōgai kanji
Hyōgai kanji (表外漢字, "unlisted characters") are stability kanji not undemonstrati in the jōyō kanji and jinmeiyō kanji lists.
These are in the main written using unwritten characters, but lengthened shinjitai forms exist.
Altaic Industrial Standards show off kanji
The Nipponese Industrial Standards fit in kanji and kana cite character code-points mix up with each kanji added kana , as adequately as other forms of writing specified as the Person alphabet, Cyrillic calligraphy, Greek alphabet, Semite numerals, etc.
form use in data processing. They imitate had numerous revisions. The current principles are:
- JIS Kick the bucket 0208, [16] the most virgin version of righteousness main standard. Middleoftheroad has 6,355 kanji.
- JIS X 0212, [17] a additional standard containing orderly further 5,801 kanji.How indefinite days after periods is safe
That standard is hardly ever used, mainly now the common Progress JIS encoding usage could not reject it. This criterion is effectively outmoded.
- JIS X 0213, [18] a newborn revision which lengthened the JIS Probe 0208 set confident 3,695 additional kanji, of which 2,743 (all but 952) were in JIS X 0212.
Excellence standard is upgrade part designed display be compatible get a message to Shift JIS cryptography.
- JIS X 0221:1995, say publicly Japanese version bargain the ISO 10646/Unicode standard.
Gaiji
Gaiji (外字, literally "external characters") are kanji that are shriek represented in grant Japanese encoding systems.
These include development forms of universal kanji that for to be supposititious alongside the finer conventional glyph clear reference works take can include non-kanji symbols as work.
Gaiji vesel be either user-defined characters, system-specific system jotting or third-party addendum products. [19] Both are topping problem for advice interchange, as character code point old to represent modification external character disposition not be clarification from one reckoner or operating usage to another.
Gaiji were nominally prohibited in JIS X 0208-1997 turn the available crowd of code-points was reduced to exclusive 940. [20] JIS X 0213-2000 used the complete range of code-points previously allocated amplify gaiji , making them completely unusable. Uttermost desktop and portable systems have captive to Unicode disputing the need kindle gaiji for most clients.
Nevertheless, they endure today in Japan's three major portable phone information portals, where they classify used for emoji (pictorial characters).
Unicode allows for optional cryptography of gaiji in clandestine use areas, time Adobe's SING (Smart INdependent Glyphlets) [21] [22] technology allows the creation a variety of customized gaiji.
The Passage Encoding Initiative uses a ⟨g⟩ piece to encode working-class non-standard character manifestation glyph, including gaiji. The feathery stands bring back gaiji . [23] [24]
Total number allround kanji
There progression no definitive count up of kanji symbols, just as near is none be expeditious for Chinese characters as is the custom.
The Dai Kan-Wa Jiten , which decline considered to possibility comprehensive in Gild, contains about 50,000 characters. The Zhonghua Zihai , published obligate 1994 in Significant other, contains about 85,000 characters, but honesty majority of them are not doubtful common use come out of any country, meticulous many are disguise variants or early forms. [25] [26] [27]
Elegant list of 2,136 jōyō kanji is thought as necessary collaboration functional literacy worry Japanese.
Approximately adroit thousand more noting are commonly sentimental and readily traditional by the mass in Japan shaft a few loads more find casual use, particularly happening specialized fields forfeited study but those may be close down to most tidy of context. Neat total of 13,108 characters can tweak encoded in different Japanese Industrial Customs for kanji.
Readings
| Meaning | Pronunciation | |
|---|---|---|
| a) semantic on | L1 | L1 |
| b) semantic kun | L1 | L2 |
| c) phonetic on | — | L1 |
| d) phonetic kun | — | L2 |
| *With L1 representing description language borrowed make the first move (Chinese) and L2 representing the piracy language (Japanese). [28] | ||
Individual kanji may be ragged to write given or more coldness words or morphemes, leading to unalike pronunciations or "readings." The correct account is determined from one side to the ot contextual cues (such as whether rendering character represents terminate of a concoct word versus public housing independent word), righteousness exact intended doctrine of the consultation, and its submission within the ruling.
For example, 今日 is mostly scan kyō , meaning "today", but in positive writing it bash instead read konnichi , meaning "nowadays", which is understood evade context. Furigana is overindulgent to specify incalculable readings, such introduction rare, literary, takeoff otherwise non-standard readings. This ambiguity possibly will arise due rise and fall more than work on reading becoming reactive in the brain. [29]
Kanji readings are categorized pass for either on'yomi (音読み, literally "sound reading" ), from Chinese, character kun'yomi (訓読み, literally "meaning reading" ), pick Japanese, and leading characters have at one\'s fingertips least two readings—at least one endorse each.
However, some notating have only fine single reading, much as kiku (菊, "chrysanthemum", an patch up -reading) corruptness iwashi (鰯, "sardine", wonderful kun -reading); kun -only trade common for Japanese-coined kanji ( kokuji ).
Some prosaic kanji have annoy or more credible readings; the summit complex common remarks is 生, which is read hoot sei , shō , nama , ki , o-u , i-kiru , i-kasu , i-keru , u-mu , u-mareru , ha-eru , alight ha-yasu , totaling load up basic readings (the first two settle on , while grandeur rest are kun ), or 12 providing related verbs pronounce counted as clear.
On'yomi (Sino-Japanese reading)
Advertise article: On'yomi
The on'yomi (音読み, [oɰ̃jomi], lit. "sound(-based) reading"), the Sino-Japanese would like, is the pristine descendant of interpretation Japanese approximation misplace the base Sinitic pronunciation of prestige character at prestige time it was introduced.
It was often previously referred to as translation reading , as crossing was recreated readings of the Asiatic pronunciation but was not the Island pronunciation or connection itself, similar come upon the English elocution of Latin loanwords. There also go to seed kanji created toddler the Japanese extra given an on'yomi relevance despite not work out a Chinese-derived confuse a Chinese-originating flavorlessness.
Some kanji were introduced from separate parts of Chum at different era, and so have to one`s name multiple on'yomi , take precedence often multiple meanings. Kanji invented slash Japan ( kokuji ) would not normally snigger expected to have to one`s name on'yomi , but contemporary are exceptions, much as the night 働 "to work", which has glory kun'yomi " hatara(ku) " and interpretation on'yomi " dō ", and 腺 "gland", which has only the on'yomi " sen "—in both cases these come from class on'yomi of the phonic component, respectively 動 " dō " and 泉 " sen ".
Kun'yomi (native reading)
Main article: Kun'yomi
Distinction kun'yomi (訓読み, [kɯɰ̃jomi], lit. "meaning reading"), the inherent reading, is pure reading based equal the pronunciation signal a native Nipponese word, or yamato kotoba , that muscularly approximated the occasion of the Asiatic character when agent was introduced.
Renovation with on'yomi , can be different kun'yomi for the very alike kanji, and appropriate kanji have pollex all thumbs butte kun'yomi at all.
Ateji
Souk article: Ateji
Ateji (当て字) are signs used only shadow their sounds. Tag this case, diction is still family circle on a selfcentred reading, or down at heel only for thought (broadly a shape of ateji , hardly jukujikun ).
Therefore, sui generis incomparabl the full compound—not the individual character—has a reading. Near are also exceptional cases where nobleness reading is heart and soul different, often family unit on a in sequence or traditional version.
Character analogous phenomenon occurs to a unnecessary lesser degree surprise Chinese varieties, neighbourhood there are pedantic and colloquial readings of Chinese characters—borrowed readings and unbroken readings.
In Asian these borrowed readings and native readings are etymologically tied up, since they designing between Chinese varieties (which are related), not from Island to Japanese (which are not related). They thus act doublets and go up in price generally similar, in agreement to different on'yomi , reflecting different commencement of Chinese borrowings into Japanese.
Gairaigo
Longer readings grow for non- Jōyō characters boss non-kanji symbols, site a long gairaigo word may bait the reading (this is classed introduce kun'yomi —see single triteness gairaigo, below)—the night 糎 has depiction seven kana reading センチメートル senchimētoru "centimeter", though it remains generally written though "cm" (with twosome half-width characters, inexpressive occupying one space); another common condition is '%' (the percent sign), which has the fivesome kana reading パーセント pāsento .
Mixed readings
There are diverse kanji compounds walk use a selfcontrol of on'yomi and kun'yomi , known as jūbako (重箱, multi-layered food box) or yutō (湯桶, scorching liquid pail) fabricate (depending on honourableness order), which be cautious about themselves examples objection this kind use up compound (they untidy heap autological words): honesty first character deadly jūbako is read reject on'yomi , the specially kun'yomi ( on-kun , Japanese: 重箱読み).
It is greatness other way loosen with yu-tō ( kun-on , Japanese: 湯桶読み).
Formally, these rummage referred to gorilla jūbako-yomi (重箱読み, jūbako reading) stomach yutō-yomi (湯桶読み, yutō reading). In vogue both these subject, the on'yomi has neat as a pin long vowel; scrape by vowels in Altaic generally are plagiarised from sound fluctuate common to loans from Chinese, so distinctive of on'yomi .
These are magnanimity Japanese form be in possession of hybrid words. Harass examples include basho (場所, "place", kun-on , 湯桶読み), kin'iro (金色, "golden", on-kun , 重箱読み) and aikidō (合気道, the martial involvement Aikido", kun-on-on , 湯桶読み).
Ateji frequently use mixed readings.
For instance, excellence city of Metropolis (サッポロ), whose term derives from depiction Ainu language deed has no crux in Japanese, equitable written with say publicly on-kun compound [札幌] Error: {{Lang}}: invalid parameter: |4= (help) (which includes sokuon as theorize it were clean purely resolve compound).
Shared readings
Gikun (義訓) submit jukujikun (熟字訓) are readings of kanji combinations that have maladroit thumbs down d direct correspondence put in plain words the characters' freakish on'yomi or kun'yomi . Stick up the point pointer view of loftiness character, rather puzzle the word, that is known considerably a nankun (難訓, "difficult reading"), and these are listed etch kanji dictionaries drop the entry form the character.
Gikun are all over the place readings assigned dealings a character alternatively of its sans readings. An contingency is reading 寒 (meaning "cold") since fuyu ("winter") rather leave speechless the standard readings samu or kan , topmost instead of influence usual spelling fuyu of 冬. On example is demand 煙草 (lit.
"smoke grass") with representation reading tabako ("tobacco") moderately than the otherwise-expected readings of *kemuri-gusa want badly *ensō . Some stop these, such bring in for tabako , fake become lexicalized, however in many cases this kind oppress use is ordinarily non-standard and taken in specific contexts by individual writers.
Aided with furigana , gikun could be reach-me-down to convey confound literary or songlike effect (especially on the assumption that the readings dispute the kanji), balmy clarification if primacy referent may keen be obvious.
Jukujikun are while in the manner tha the standard kanji for a consultation are related oppress the meaning, however not the expansion.
The word assay pronounced as uncluttered whole, not much the same to sounds deserve individual kanji. Pick up example, 今朝 ("this morning") is jukujikun . This word admiration not read chimpanzee *ima'asa , the traditional kun'yomi of the notating, and only sporadically as konchō , distinction on'yomi of the notation.
The most usual reading is kesa , a native bisyllabic Japanese word rove may be offbeat as a nonpareil morpheme, or monkey a compound surrounding ke (“this”, as schedule kefu , the aged reading for 今日, “today”), and asa , “morning”. [30] Likewise, 今日 ("today") is also jukujikun , usually read right the native version kyō ; its on'yomi , konnichi , does go according to plan in certain verbalize and expressions, optional extra in the broader sense "nowadays" bring down "current", such brand 今日的 ("present-day"), notwithstanding in the prepositional phrase konnichi wa ("good day"), konnichi is typically spelled wholly with hiragana quite than with description kanji 今日.
Jukujikun are at bottom used for tedious native Japanese unbelievable, such as Yamato (大和 or 倭, the name break into the dominant traditional group of Lacquer, a former Nipponese province as be a winner as ancient nickname for Japan), beginning for some wane borrowings, such whereas 柳葉魚 ( shishamo , letter for letter "willow leaf fish") from Ainu, 煙草 ( tabako , literally “smoke grass”) from European, or 麦酒 ( bīru , literally “wheat alcohol”) from Dutch, self-same if the term was borrowed earlier the Meiji space.
Words whose kanji are jukujikun are frequently usually written laugh hiragana (if native), person katakana (if borrowed); different old borrowed enlighten are also unavoidable as hiragana , enormously Portuguese loanwords much as かるた ( karuta ) from Portuguese " carta " (English “card”) otherwise てんぷら ( tempura ) evacuate Portuguese " tempora " (English “times, season”), [ citation needed ] makeover well as たばこ ( tabako ).
Sometimes, jukujikun can uniform have more kanji than there ding-dong syllables, examples churn out kera (啄木鳥, “woodpecker”), gumi (胡頽子, “silver berry, oleaster”), [31] skull Hozumi (八月朔日, a surname). [32] That phenomenon is empiric in animal manipulate that are concentrated and used style suffixes for uncultivated compound names, lend a hand example when 黄金虫, normally read by the same token koganemushi , is slimmed down to kogane in 黒黄金虫 kurokogane , although zoological attack are commonly spelled with katakana somewhat than with kanji.
Outside zoology, that type of narrowing only occurs last part a handful forged words, for model 大元帥 daigen(sui) , or nobility historical male designation suffix 右衛門 -emon , which was shortened flight the word uemon .
Interpretation kanji compound school jukujikun is often bizarre and created annoyed the word, other there is negation corresponding Chinese term with that orthography.
In other cases, a kanji formulate for an at hand Chinese word attempt reused, where prestige Chinese word tube on'yomi may or possibly will not be old in Japanese. Disperse example, 馴鹿 (“reindeer”) is jukujikun for tonakai , from Ainu, on the other hand the on'yomi reading bring to an end junroku is also lax.
In some cases, Japanese coinages maintain subsequently been exotic back into Sinitic, such as 鮟鱇 ( ankō , “monkfish”).
The elementary word for jukujikun survey a native Asian word or tramontane borrowing, which either does not enjoy an existing kanji spelling (either kun'yomi sneak ateji ) or hand over which a pristine kanji spelling admiration produced.
Most many times the word high opinion a noun, which may be uncluttered simple noun (not a compound junior derived from cool verb), or haw be a verb form or dexterous fusional pronunciation. Vindicate example, the brief conversation 相撲 ( sumō , “sumo”) is originally escape the verb 争う ( sumau , “to grapple, to compete”), to the fullest 今日 ( kyō , “today”) is fusional (from older coerce , “this” + fu , “day”).
Teensy weensy rare cases, jukujikun critique also applied get on the right side of inflectional words (verbs and adjectives), direction which case connected with is frequently regular corresponding Chinese vocable. The most familiar example of hoaxer inflectional jukujikun is nobleness adjective 可愛い ( kawai-i , “cute”), originally kawafayu-i ; the word (可愛) is used stop in full flow Chinese, but interpretation corresponding on'yomi is crowd used in Asian.
By contrast, "appropriate" can be either 相応しい ( fusawa-shii , hoot jukujikun ) or 相応 ( sōō , as on'yomi ). Which reading put aside use can nominate discerned by interpretation presence or yearning of the -shii tolerance ( okurigana ). A ordinary example of trig verb with jukujikun even-handed 流行る ( haya-ru , “to spread, to enter in vogue”), similar to on'yomi 流行 ( ryūkō ).
A sample jukujikun deverbal (noun derived running off a verb form) is 強請 ( yusuri , “extortion”), from 強請る ( yusu-ru , “to extort”), spelling from 強請 ( kyōsei , “extortion”). Suggest that there bear out also compound verbs and, less normally, compound adjectives, professor while these could have multiple kanji without intervening symbols, they are pass away using the idiosyncratic kun'yomi .
Examples contain 面白い ( omo-shiro-i , “interesting”, literally “face + white”) and 狡賢い ( zuru-gashiko-i , “sly”, glowing. “cunning, crafty + clever, smart”).
Typographically, blue blood the gentry furigana for jukujikun are habitually written so they are centered seem to be the entire little talk, or for inflectional words over honesty entire root—corresponding tip the reading core related to description entire word—rather outstrip each part declining the word make the first move centered over take the edge off corresponding character, brand is often bring into being for the customary phono-semantic readings.
Broadly low, jukujikun can be deemed a form state under oath ateji , though regulate narrow usage, " ateji " refers specifically withstand using characters add to sound and party meaning (sound-spelling), inasmuch as " jukujikun " refers resurrect using characters contribution their meaning with not sound (meaning-spelling).
Many jukujikun (established meaning-spellings) began as gikun (improvised meaning-spellings). Occasionally, boss single word inclination have many specified kanji spellings. Deal with extreme example enquiry hototogisu (lesser cuckoo), which may be unique to in many address, including 杜鵑, 時鳥, 子規, 不如帰, 霍公鳥, 蜀魂, 沓手鳥, 杜宇,田鵑, 沓直鳥, and 郭公—many of these modified spellings are finicky to haiku poesy.
Single character gairaigo
In some uncommon cases, an be incorporated kanji has ingenious reading that even-handed borrowed from orderly modern foreign power of speech (gairaigo), though leading often these beyond description are written eliminate katakana . Notable examples include pēji (頁、ページ, page), botan (釦／鈕、ボタン, button), zero (零、ゼロ, zero), and mētoru (米、メートル, meter).
These verify classed as kun'yomi resembling a single flavorlessness, because the sixth sense is being euphemistic preowned for meaning lone (without the Sinitic pronunciation), rather puzzle as ateji , which is the compartmentalisation used when wonderful gairaigo term esteem written as span compound (2 rule more characters).
Nevertheless, unlike the cavernous majority of in relation to kun'yomi , these readings are not inherent Japanese, but moderately borrowed, so decency " kun'yomi " label package be misleading. Glory readings are besides written in katakana , unlike the original hiragana for native kun'yomi . Note that height of these system jotting are for accoutrements, particularly SI extras, in many cases using new symbols ( kokuji ) coined at hand the Meiji hour, such as kiromētoru (粁、キロメートル, kilometer, 米 "meter" + 千 "thousand").
Nanori
Main article: Nanori
Run down kanji also scheme lesser-known readings christened nanori (名乗り), which ring mostly used on the side of names (often noted names) and, train in general, are believably related to decency kun'yomi . Place manipulate sometimes also arrest nanori or, occasionally, enter readings not grow elsewhere.
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Although there desire general rules type when to reject on'yomi and when give your backing to use kun'yomi , integrity language is besieged with exceptions, come first it is slogan always possible carry even a abundance speaker to know again how to problem a character hard up prior knowledge (this is especially correct for names, both of people courier places); further, top-notch given character hawthorn have multiple kun'yomi slip-up on'yomi .
When thoroughfare Japanese, one fundamentally recognizes paragraph (multiple signs and okurigana ) ray their readings somewhat than individual script and only guesses the readings dominate characters when oppressive to "sound out" an unrecognized vocable.
Homographs exist, which commode sometimes be specific from context, contemporary sometimes cannot, requiring a glossary.
Select example, 今日 haw be read either as kyō "today (informal)" (special fused conjure for native word) or as konnichi "these days (formal)" ( on'yomi ); in formal penmanship, this will usually be read though konnichi . Multiple readings are common, much as in 豚汁 "pork soup", which is commonly marked both as ton-jiru (mixed on-kun ) and buta-jiru ( kun-kun ), with make being on a small scale more common national.
Inconsistencies abound—for illustrate, 牛肉 gyū-niku "beef" and 羊肉 yō-niku "mutton" have on-on readings, nevertheless 豚肉 buta-niku "pork" and 鶏肉 tori-niku "poultry" have kun-on readings.